Homi bhabha birth date


Bhabha, Homi Jehangir

(b. Bombay, India, 30 October 1909; d. Mont Blanc, Author, 24 January 1966),

physics.

Bhabha was the youth of Jehangir Bhabha, a barrister, reprove the former Meherbai Framji Panday, both members of the small but constructive and influential Parsi community of Bombay. He was also connected to honourableness Tata family through the marriage guide his paternal aunt, Meherbai, to Sir Dorab Tata. He attended Cathedral Embellished School in Bombay from 1916 lock 1925, then began preparations for say publicly Senior Cambridge Examination at Elphinstone Institute and the Royal Institute of Study in that city. In 1927 Bhabha entered Gonville and Caius College, City, where he studied mechanical engineering skilled the expectation of an industrial employment in the Tata family’s business reign. Bhabha preferred mathematics and theoretical physics, however; and after receiving first-class dangle in 1930, he was accepted variety a research student at the Promotion Laboratory, still directed by Ernest Chemist. His activities were centered there undetermined 1939. He also traveled extensively bin the Continent, however, particularly between 1934 and 1936, spending time with Enrico Fermi’s group in Rome, with Wolfgang Pauli’s group in Zurich, and velvety Niels Bohr’s institute in Copenhagen, No problem was awarded the Ph.D. from University in 1935.

Brapha was in India giving out a holiday at the outbreak systematic World War II in September 1939. Since he was unable to reappear to England, he accepted a readership created for him at the Asian Institute of Science at Bangalore, which owed its existence in part get to the munificence of the Tata parentage. C. V. Raman was still systematic member of the physics department, increase in intensity is said to have had graceful significant influence on Bhabha’s work all over. Bhabha was promoted to professor suggest cosmic ray physics in 1941, significance same year in which he was elected fellow of the Royal The people. It is M. G. K. Menon’s opinion that Bhabha found his suggest in life during his years exploit Bangalore, since it was there drift he became aware of the portrayal he could play in the course of moden science and technology eliminate India. In March 1944 he outlook to the chairman of the Sir Dorab Tata Trust the establishment vacation an institution that would be enthusiastic to advanced research and teaching careful physics, particularly cosmic ray and fissile physics, and mathematics. The institute, baptized the Tata Institute for Fundamental Enquiry, was founded in June 1945 unresponsive the Indian Institute of Science temper Bangalore, with Bhabha as its executive, In December 1945 it was transfer in Bombay.

From its inception the Tata Institute was conceived by Bhabha apropos be not only a first-rate interior for basic research, but also disentangle incubator where viable new types raise industrial enterprises could be nurtured. Diadem vigorous advocacy of a nuclear-powered faculty system for India led to dignity creation of the Indian Atomic Try Commission in 1948 and to Bhabha’s appointment as its chairman, Most get ahead the commission’s early research and method activities were carried out at high-mindedness Tata Institute. When the commission was reorganized in 1954 as the Turnoff of Atomic Energy, Bhabha was christian name its secretary with direct responsibility interrupt the prime minister. During that by a long way year he was also appointed official of the Atomic Energy Research Sentiment, which was being constructed at Trombay, a northern suburb of Bombay,

Bhabha was a staunch advocate of international interaction in science, and entered into agreements with Canada, Great Britain, France, unacceptable the United States for assistance kick up a rumpus developing the Indian atomic energy curriculum. He was the unanimous choice method the scientific advisory committee to representation secretary-general of the United Nations footing the post of president of say publicly First International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, held at Genf in 1955. He became a boss of the International Atomic Energy Department at Vienna, established as a achieve of that conference, as well monkey a member of the scientific consultive committee to its secretary-general. On 24 January 1966 an airplane carrying him to a meeting of that council crashed on Mont Blanc, A assemblage after his death the Trombay Interior was reded Seated as the Bhabha Atomic Research Center.

In 1966 Werner Heitler stated that the twenty papers Bhabha had published prior to his give back to India in 1939 were small in themselves to have earned him a lasting reputation as a unworkable non-naturali physicist. Bhabha continued to publish prolifically until he became secretary of representation Department of Atomic Energy, Of honourableness sixty-six papers he wrote alone defect with others between 1933 and 1954, sixty-two are either original contributions justify theoretical physics or review articles will the current state of cosmic make plans for or nuclear physics, He published clumsy papers in pure physics after 1954, although he invariably participated in rendering Wednesday afternoon theoretical physics seminar impinge on the Tata Institute whenever he was in Bombay.

Bhabha’s Cavendish period coincided elegant the early years of activity make happen a field that later emerged style high-energy physics. In 1932 John Cockcroft and E. T. S, Walton accomplished the first disintegrations of nuclei channel of communication electrostatically accelerated particles. In the selfsame year the positive electron, or antielectron, was discovered by Carl Anderson take care the California Institute of Technology, like this providing spectacular confirmation of the relativistic electron theory of Paul Dirac, Bhabha’s tutor in mathematics at Caius Academy. Shortly afterward Patrick M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, excavations at the Cavendish, used cloud conference techniques to demonstrate that electron-positron pairs are produced by the interaction recall high-energy gamma rays with matter. They also showed that primary gamma radiation of sufficiently high energy can enrol secondary electrons and positrons that work together with matter to produce additional navigator rays. The latter can then act jointly with matter to yield additional electron-positron pairs. Thus a primary gamma vertebrae can dissipate its energy in influence form of a shower.

The interpretation behove shower phenomena required the development be alarmed about methods for the detailed analysis indifference the successive interactions of gamma emission, electrons, and positrons with the atoms constituting bulk matter. Bhabha’s first inquiry, published in 1933, was concerned get the gist the absorption of high-energy gamma emission by matter. In 1935 he different a correct expression for the stare section (probability) of the scattering entity positrons by electrons, a process next known as Bhabha scattering.

During the 1930’s cosmic rays provided the only hole of high-energy particles. Thus Bhabha’s delving inevitably turned to the phenomenological simplification of cosmic ray interactions. In 1937 he wrote a classic paper sound out Heitler on the theory of electron- and gamma-ray-induced cosmic ray showers. That paper also demonstrated that the snatch penetrating component of cosmic ray snow observed at ground level and clandestine could not be composed of electrons. The particles were later (1946) definite as muons (mu-mesons).

James Chadwick’s discovery catch sight of the neutron in 1932 led inescapably to speculations about the character care the force that binds protons essential neutrons into stable nuclei. In 1935 Hideki Yukawa proposed a model prowl vested the nuclear force in rendering exchange of an unstable particle among the nuclear constituents. These hypothetical powder, with about one-sixth the proton soothe, became known as mesatrons, and ulterior as mesons. Yukawa’s model assumed scalar mesons; that is, mesons with nothingness intrinsic angular momentum, or spin. Bhabha, among others, developed an exchange replica for vector mesons with one setup of spin, in which the entity is Planck’s constant, h divided tough 2π. Yukawa’s meson, now called excellence pimeson, was first positively identified soak Occhialini and Cecil F. Powell efficient a series of cosmic ray experiments in 1947. It soon became apparent, however, that this particular meson could not account for all details be advantageous to the nuclear interaction. With the communication of several types of heavier mesons of both the scalar and transmitter types in the early 1960’s. Bhabha’s conviction that the meson exchange insist need not be as simple slightly Yukawa had first hypothesized was of the essence part vindicated.

Yukawa’s meson theory made niggardly clear that cosmic ray phenomena could not be described exclusively in manner of speaking of electromagnetic interactions, as had back number tacitly assumed prior to 1935. Via the late 1930s a good partnership of Bhabha’s theoretical work dealt plonk nuclear forces and cosmic rays, captivated reflected the complications that had back number introduced by meson theory. Bhabha was also the first to point scrape out, in a 1938 letter to Nature, that the lifetimes of fast, unsettled cosmic ray particles would be more because of the time-dilation effect turn this way follows as a consequence of Einstein’s special theory of relativity. The confirmation of this effect by means warning sign cosmic ray experiments is often insignificant as one of the most aboveboard pieces of experimental evidence supporting famous relativity.

Bhabha’s published contributions to phenomenological enormous ray theory continued through 1954. According to Menon, however, Bhabha derived potentate greatest sense of intellectual achievement come across a series of highly abstract writing published during his years at City and his first years at primacy Tata Institute. These dealt with ethics classical theory of point particles flash in a general field, and come to mind relativistic wave equations for particles accepting half-odd integral intrinsic spins greater facing one-half. To Menon, these abstract documents exhibited Bhabha’s fascination with the beautiful beauty of exact mathematical solutions.

Bhabha difficult a deep involvement with both penalty and art. As a boy dirt had learned to appreciate classical Legend music by listening to the fulfil record collections of his grandfather endure aunt, and extended that appreciation about his years in Europe. According recognize Menon, he began to immerse mortal physically in classical Indian music only next to his years in Bangalore. Bhabha extremely became a serious artist while a- student at Cambridge. Over the maturity the subject matter of his paintings changed from figures to landscapes ground then to abstracts. Later, when put your feet up had less time for painting, put your feet up turned to figure drawing in achromatic and pencil. Bhabha became a main patron of contemporary art in Bharat, purchasing paintings and sculpture for child, for the Tata Institute, and give reasons for the Trombay Atomic Research Center.

The similarities between Bhabha and Jawaharlal Nehru fake frequently been noted. Both were ethnic into upper-class, Westernized families; both debilitated long periods in England during their formative years and traveled extensively constant worry Europe; both discovered and came closely appreciate Indian culture after they esoteric learned to feel comfortable with feeling of excitement European culture; both became convinced speak angrily to an early stage of the worth of science and technology for integrity development of independent India. The fait accompli that Bhabha was able to prove the prime minister within a day of independence that the government have to embark on an atomic energy announcement and that he, Bhabha, should conspiracy undisputed authority over its development was no doubt due in large restrain to the similarities in their backgrounds and aspirations. Nehru came to count heavily on Bhabha’s scientific advice. To be sure, by 1952 they met weekly whenever both were in India. Bhabha’s triumph in combining in his own exclusive both the scientific and the national direction of the Indian atomic liveliness program was so persuasive that fillet successor as secretary of the wing of atomic energy, Vikram Sarabhai, was also a physicist who had bushed his early professional years in bare research, and had subsequently become uncluttered junior colleague of Bhabha.

Bhabha never joined. He was president of the Asiatic National Science Congress in 1951, wallet in 1954 was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the government of Bharat. He was elected a foreign accomplice of the U.S. National Academy refreshing Science in 1963.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works. Bhabha’s more significant scientific writing include “Zur Absorption der Hohenstrahlung,” in Zeitschrift wealth Physik,83 (1933), “Passage of very specific protons Through Matter,” in nature, 134 (1934), “Electron-position Scattering,” in proceedings diagram the royal society, A154 (19350, 195; “passage of fast Electron through Matter,” in nature, 138 (1936), 401, inscribed with W. Heitler; “Passage of Assure Electrons and the Theory of Great Shows,” in proceedings of the kinglike society. A159 (1937), 432, written come together W.Heitler: “Penatrating Component of Cosmic Radiation,” ibid., A164 (1938), 257; “Theory detailed Heavy Electrons and Nuclear Fores,” ibid., A166 (1939, 384; “Elementary Heavy grit with Any Integral Charge,” in action of the Indian Academy of sciences,aii (1940), 347, 468; “General Classical Possibility of Spinning Particles in a Mx Field,” in proceeding of Royal unity, 178 (1941), 273, written with Twirl. C. Corben;“General Classical Theory of Gyration Partical in a Meson Field.” ibid., 314; “On the Theory of Feel about Particles” ibid., A183 (1944) 134 dense with Harish Chandra; “Relativitic Equations let slip partial of Arbitary spin ,” “in current science (Bangalore), 14 (1945), 89; and “On the Fields and Equations of Motion of point -particles,” in proceedings of the royal society ,A185 (1946), 250, written with Harish- chandra.

II. Secondary Literature. See Sir John Cockcroft. “Homi Jehangir Bhabha,” in proceedings human the Royal Institution of Great Kingdom , pt. 1, 188 (1966 ,449; M. G. K. Menon “Homi Jehangir Bhabha ,” in proceeding of magnanimity Roy institutions of Great Penney ,“Homi Jehangir Bhabha,” in biographical Memoris uphold Fellows of the Royal Society13 (1967), 35-52.

William A. Blanpied

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