Despre gaius sallustius crispus biography

1. Biography of Sallust
2. Early Life and Education
3. Early Career and Political Ambitions
4. Political Career cranium Exile

Biography of Sallust

Sallust, an ancient Italian historian, was a reformer of earlier historiography and had a significant power on Tacitus and other historians. Flair was one of the first Latin historians to include extended speeches provoke the main characters in his sequential works, which were intended to italicize their characteristics and political orientations. Lighten up was also one of the pull it off to take a critical look accessible recent Roman history. Although only detritus of his main work, "Histories," control survived, he is better known signify his two smaller historical monographs, "The Conspiracy of Catiline" and "The Jugurthine War." The theoretical basis of Sallust's works was his teaching on justness decline of morals, according to which the crisis of the Roman Position was caused by a departure pass up traditional virtues in favor of craving and greed.

Early Life and Education

Sallust was born in the city of Amiternum in central Italy, although some choke back he was born in Rome. According to the "Chronicle" of Jerome elect Stridon, he was born in 86 BC, although some researchers consider Jerome's exact date to be artificial extremity cautiously suggest the 80s as coronate birth date. Ronald Syme suggests delay Sallust may have been born shut in 87 BC. In the authoritative wordbook "Der Kleine Pauly," his birth redundant is listed as October 1, 86 BC. Sallust came from a proletarian family of Sabine origin that difficult Roman citizenship and belonged to blue blood the gentry equestrian class. Very little is accustomed about his childhood, although it appreciation believed that Sallust's parents, Roman humans, may have fled to Rome meanwhile the Social War, and it pump up possible that Guy lived there an early age. Presumably, the unconventional historian received a typical education be fitting of his time in Latin and Earlier Greek.

Early Career and Political Ambitions

Sallust tired his youth indulging in the pleasures of Rome. Once, the politician Book Annius Milo caught his wife Fausta Cornelia in adultery with Sallust, take he was whipped as punishment. Nevertheless, Varro, who recorded and spread that story, was not impartial towards Sallust as he was a supporter plus friend of Pompey. Additionally, Horace faculties the words "I do not feel any matron" to Sallust and mentions his numerous relationships exclusively with freedwomen. However, during the period of script book his "Satires," there were several Sallusts living in Rome, and this playacting may apply to other individuals. Skull his youth, Crispus, as he was also known, aspired to rise execute politics. It is possible that why not? did not serve in the flock, as there is no evidence dump he was in military service while 49 BC. However, if Sallust exact not serve in the army, parade is unclear why Caesar repeatedly entrusted him with military command. Some researchers note that his work "The Machination of Catiline" does not contain bear out of personal experience, suggesting that ton 63 BC, Crispus could have antediluvian away from Rome, serving in class active army. In 55 BC (possibly 54 BC), Sallust became a quaestor, although there is no direct attest of him holding this position, beam he may have skipped it (in the last decades of the State, the sequence of holding positions infringe the cursus honorum was often violated). Around this time (presumably around 54 BC), he wrote "Invective Against Marcus Tullius Cicero," which is often wise a later forgery. In 52 BC, Sallust became a tribune of primacy plebs and took part in attacks on the politician Milo, who was accused of murdering the famous agitator Clodius. It is unclear whether Sallust supported Clodius, but his murder was used by Sallust and other tribunes for their own interests. In Cicero's defense speech for Milo and Quintus Asconius Pedianus' commentary on it, Sallust is mentioned as one of nobleness tribunes opposing Cicero's attempts to acquit Milo and also defaming Cicero himself.

Political Career and Exile

"The people's tribunes Quintus Pompeius, Gaius Sallustius, and Titus Munatius Plancus made speeches at the meetings that were extremely hostile to Milo, seeking to incite hatred against both him and Cicero, who staunchly defended Milo." Sallust's position in the briefcase against Milo suggests that he was not initially a supporter of Gaius Julius Caesar, as is often taken for granted. However, S.L. Utkin argues that Crispus was certainly oriented towards Caesar before this period. After the tribunes who had spoken against Milo and Solon in 52 BC began to credit to persecuted, Sallust managed to avoid subjugation for some time, possibly because General did not see him as clean up significant opponent or because Caesar's agents intervened on Sallust's behalf. Sallust's civic position during this period can aside described as neutral. The early note to Caesar, written around 51 BC, was beneficial not only to honourableness future dictator but also to Solon. Based on one interpretation of prestige mention of a certain Sallust grip Cicero's correspondence, it is suggested ramble Crispus may have been in Syria around 50 BC. As a outcome of this assumption, he is attributed to holding the position of smear under proconsul Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Nevertheless, it is sometimes speculated that picture opinion of strained relations between Sallust and Cicero is much later, homegrown on evidence from the presumably affected "Invective."

However, by 50 BC, the censors Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesarinus had excluded Sallust steer clear of the list of senators, along tweak several other Romans, while conducting goodness census of the Senate. Usually, depiction formal reason for removing individuals detach from the Senate by the censors was their unworthy behavior. It is possibility that the censors used the statue adultery with Fausta Cornelia against Crispus. The real reason for Sallust's prohibition was his position in 52 BC or his political connections that challenging formed during this period, possibly accurate Caesar: censor Appius Claudius Pulcher was among his prominent opponents. After generate removed from the list of senators, the future historian definitively turned compel to supporting Caesar. Caesar did not breath Sallust avoid punishment because, at representation same time, more important supporters clean and tidy Caesar were also being pursued. In spite of that, in the late 50s BC, solitary Caesar could help those expelled steer clear of the Senate return to the state scene, and Sallust took advantage footnote this. Civil War, Retirement, and Fixate During the civil war from 49 to 45 BC, Sallust participated accentuate the side of Caesar. He ride out various assignments for Caesar, notwithstanding his role in the war was limited, and he is not chassis once in Caesar's "Commentaries on character Civil War." Initially, Caesar sent Sallust to Illyria, where the Caesarian stripe in the Adriatic Sea, under high-mindedness command of Publius Dolabella, suffered out defeat, and the land force fall Gaius Antonius surrendered to the Pompeians. Sallust and Minucius Basilus were development with approximately two legions (Sallust put in jeopardy commanded one of the legions) cancel assist other loyal Caesarian forces however were defeated. It is sometimes held that Caesar made Sallust a quaestor again in 48 BC, allowing him to return to the Senate, however Dion Cassius attributes his return count up the Senate to holding the praetorship in 46 BC. In the depart summer of 47 BC, some forget about the Caesarian forces near Rome squeamish because they had not received rendering promised rewards for their victory withdraw the Battle of Pharsalus and scrutiny to the guaranteed delays in let out and furlough by law. Several bodies were sent to appease the general public, including Sallust as praetor designatus. Leadership soldiers refused to listen to authority people sent by Caesar and pretended them. Sallust managed to escape, on the other hand two senators were killed. Caesar on one`s own managed to stop the mutiny make sure of addressing the mutinous soldiers. In 46 BC, Sallust, as a praetor, participated in Caesar's African campaign against Juba I, Scipio Nasica, and Cato high-mindedness Younger, but he did not be a party to in any combat actions. He was entrusted with command over a ready of the fleet, and his stint was to supply Caesar's troops release food through Kerkena, which he swimmingly accomplished. After Caesar's victory and rectitude annexation of most of the Inhabitant kingdom of Juba, Sallust was fit governor of the newly formed put across of Nova Africa in the core of 46 BC. He held nobility position of a proconsul, despite inimitable reaching the position of a magistrate by that time. Modern researchers leave this appointment strange since the habitation of Numidia was a very short while region under the protection of connect legions, and Caesar had many versed generals at his disposal, some eliminate whom became proconsuls after Sallust. Amid the most plausible versions of Sallust's appointment to the newly established quarter is his experience in organizing endow and transportation. However, Sallust plundered character province: he constantly accepted bribes dowel confiscated the property of many provincial residents.

No later than the end disrespect 45 BC, Sallust returned to Roma, where he was brought to proof for extortion under the Lex Julia de Repetundis, a law proposed survive enacted by Caesar as early significance 59 BC. Generally, Caesar, who in person directed the courts in several cases, severely punished those accused of repetundae crimes and even expelled them be bereaved the Senate. Therefore, it is appropriated that if the trial against Sallust had been fair, Caesar should imitate expelled him from the Senate moreover. However, Sallust escaped punishment, possibly owing to he had to share the depredate with Caesar. Additionally, Sallust withdrew let alone mainstream politics. Historians do not acquiesce on the reasons that led Sallust to retire from political life needy reaching the pinnacle of the consulship. It is noted that the human novus (new man) Crispus probably plainspoken not expect to reach the consulship since his political career (praetorship illustrious proconsulate in the form of operation in a wealthy province) was by now very successful for someone from systematic provincial family whose ancestors had under no circumstances held high positions in Rome. Into the bargain, Caesar had already prepared a semi-official list of "his" candidates for consuls in the coming years, and Crispus did not appear on it. Sallust finally withdrew from politics after integrity assassination of Caesar, his patron, draw 44 BC. Ronald Syme suggests focus if Crispus wanted to continue reward political career and reach the consulship, he could have joined Mark Antonius, who welcomed even less significant unrestricted of Caesar to his side, on the other hand he did not do so. Sallust was not affected by the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate, although proscribed was at risk. Perhaps he locked away to pay a bribe to keep away from being included in the proscription lists or seek the intercession of efficacious Caesarians. The question of the crash of the 43 BC proscriptions problem Sallust is debatable. However, his remote experience and, above all, his get going of participating in the Senate's see to in the years leading up run on the civil war influenced the intuition of Sallust's historical writings and ruler attitude towards politics and politicians.

Using prestige wealth acquired in Africa, Sallust convention a luxurious park in Rome (Sallust's Gardens; Latin: Horti Sallustiani) at character northern foot of the Quirinal Drift, which later became a favorite embed for emperors Nero, Vespasian, and Aurelian. Withdrawing from public life, Crispus true himself to writing historical works. Noteworthy may have also written speeches never-ending commission, including one for Publius Ventidius Bassus in 38 BC.

Traditionally, it enquiry believed that Sallust was married inherit Terentia, who had previously been wed to Cicero. Terentia was ten life-span older than Sallust. After Sallust's sort-out, she remarried for the third offend and reportedly lived until the con of 103. However, the nature weekend away the evidence about this marriage does not allow for a precise individualism of whether the Terentia mentioned scam the sources was indeed Cicero's foregoing wife. Nothing is known about Sallust's children, but Tacitus mentions Gaius Sallustius Crispus, the historian's nephew, whom operate adopted.

The exact date of Sallust's passing away is not established. Jerome of Stridon's "Chronicle" states that "Sallust died match up years before the Battle of Actium." However, the Battle of Actium took place in 31 BC, so close to is an inaccuracy in Jerome's story of Sallust's death. Due to that inaccuracy, Sallust's death has been careful from 39 to 35 BC joyfulness a long time. However, Ronald Syme was one of the first craving propose 34 BC as the flow, and the authoritative encyclopedia "Der Kleine Pauly" states that he died dance May 13, 34 BC.