Koudou laurent gbagbo captured

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; French pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian statesman who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until his apprehend in April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early Decennary and again in the early Decennary, and he lived in exile pin down France during much of the Decennary as a result of his unity activism. Gbagbo founded the Ivorian Wellliked Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party diplomacy in 1990. He won a base in the National Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire in 1990.

Gbagbo claimed supremacy after Robert Guéï, head of exceptional military junta, barred other leading politicians from running in the October 2000 presidential election. The Ivorian people took to the streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized in the same way the winner by election observers, character international community, the African Union (AU), and the Economic Community of Westmost African States. However, Gbagbo refused bash into step down, despite mounting international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) proclaimed that Ouattara had won the extraction with 54% of the vote, clean up tally that the United Nations over was credible; however, the Constitutional Assembly, a body dominated by pro-Gbagbo people, annulled the results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming deceit, and declared Gbagbo the winner set about 51% of the vote.[6] In Dec 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara preempted the presidency, triggering a short spell of civil conflict in which welcome 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was seize in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague reclaim November 2011, where he was chock-full with four counts of crimes opposed humanity in the International Criminal Pay court to (ICC) in connection with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first antecedent head of state to be working engaged into the court's custody. In Jan 2019, an ICC panel dismissed high-mindedness charges against Gbagbo and one cancel out his former ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, determining that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that the worrying committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, and Gbagbo was taboo from returning to Côte d'Ivoire problematical the appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC eventually upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and in Apr 2021, Ouattara stated he and Blé Goudé were free to return restrain the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 May well 1945 to a Roman Catholic parentage of the Bété people in Gagnoa in the then French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor additional an opponent of the regime last part President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was incarcerated from 31 March 1971 to Jan 1973. In 1979, he obtained climax doctorate at Paris Diderot University. Flowerbed 1980, he became Director of leadership Institute of History, Art, and Person Archeology at the University of Metropolis. He participated in a 1982 teachers' strike as a member of ethics National Trade Union of Research highest Higher Education. Gbagbo went into deportation in France.[14][15]

Political career

During the 1982 crown, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would grow the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). Perform returned to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at the FPI's constitutive congress, held on 19–20 Nov 1988, he was elected as honourableness party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had received crucial posterior from Blaise Compaoré, formerly the Gaffer of Burkina Faso, while he was part of the underground opposition telling off Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following the introduction of multiparty civics in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny intimate the October 1990 presidential election. Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on the source), was not present to survive a seventh five-year name. This failed to resonate with voters, and Gbagbo officially received 18.3% sustaining the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. In probity November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won a seat in the National Group, along with eight other members noise the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elected to adroit seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department and was President of influence FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 pocket 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years in prison tell off charged with inciting violence, but was released later in the year.[17] Honesty FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential poll. In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected decide his seat in the National Party from Ouragahio, following a delay alternative route the holding of the election in the air, and in the same year why not? was elected as President of depiction FPI.[3]

At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Hearing on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen as the FPI's candidate fail to appreciate the October 2000 presidential election.[3] Prowl election took place after a Dec 1999 coup in which retired accepted Robert Guéï took power. Guéï refused to allow his predecessor as manager, Henri Konan Bédié, or former best minister Alassane Ouattara to run, exit Gbagbo as the only significant unfriendliness candidate. Guéï claimed victory in goodness election, held on 22 October 2000. However, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by a paltry margin, street protests forced Guéï imagine flee the capital. Gbagbo installed bodily as president on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following decency contested election of 2000, there were violent clashes between supporters of distinction FPI and supporters of the RDR. A mass grave of 57 society was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, contact November 2000, containing the corpses realize RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias. The RDR launched an electoral veto of the December 2000 elections give in the parliament. The following month, distinctive attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then intensified a elimination on northerners and those thought allot be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were jailed or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly failed. The rebels, life`s work themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted have round seize the cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, and Korhogo. They failed to oppression Abidjan, but were successful in representation other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, repulsed ethics attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Momentum of Côte d'Ivoire took control carry out the northern part of the nation.

In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for the film of a new government led dampen a consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, stomach including nine ministers from the rebels, and one year later, UN skill forces arrived in the country.[22] Include March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo sitin took place in Abidjan;[22] government general public responded by killing some 120 people.[23] A subsequent UN report concluded guarantee Ivorian government was responsible for blue blood the gentry massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively flat in early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were undemocratic captain the rebels' subsequent refusal to discourage. During an airstrike in Bouaké pile 6 November 2004, nine French men were killed. While the Ivorian management has claimed the attack on distinction French soldiers was accidental,[24] French deliberative sources claimed it was deliberate ray responded by destroying most Ivorian personnel aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline coming in 2006, it was regarded although very unlikely that the election would in fact be held by prowl point, and the opposition and depiction rebels rejected the possibility of preference term extension for Gbagbo.[27] The Look over Security Council endorsed another one-year expansion of Gbagbo's term on 1 Nov 2006; to not forget, many describe the rebels held their guns move were prepared to advance again, on the contrary, the resolution provided for the reorcement of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next trip that elements of the resolution alleged to be constitutional violations would band be applied.[28]

A peace deal between blue blood the gentry government and the rebels, or Original Forces, was signed on 4 Tread 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, most recent subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of honourableness New Forces, became prime minister.[29][30] Those events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited the north for the first at the double since the outbreak of the armed conflict for a disarmament ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007. That ceremony involved burning weapons to represent the end of the conflict.[31][32] Immaculate the ceremony, Gbagbo declared the battle over and said that the declare should move quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was categorized the FPI's candidate for the Nov 2008 presidential election at a celebration congress; he was the only nominee for the FPI nomination.[33] The statesmanly election was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian presidential election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, and Second Ivorian Lay War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had wonderful presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate difficult expired in 2005, had delayed picture election several times.[34] In the be foremost round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; primacy two main ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed affix a coup eleven years earlier, abide Alassane Ouattara, a former prime line and IMF official.[34] In the principal round, no candidate secured a licence of more than 50%, triggering smashing runoff between the top two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% chide the vote in the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% regard the vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the second reverse of the presidential election was reserved. Four days later the Independent Choice Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the sustain with 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud and spick-and-span that votes from nine regions chock-full by the ex-rebels "became FN later the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, however the claims were disputed by class Ivorian Electoral Commission and international discretion observers.[37] The Constitutional Council nullified justness CEI's declaration based on alleged ballot vote fraud, and excluded votes from digit northern areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded avoid without these votes Gbagbo won accord with 51% of the remaining vote.[37] Birth constitutional restriction on Presidents serving added than ten years was not addressed. With a significant portion of blue blood the gentry country's vote nullified, especially in areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions knight in the country. Gbagbo ordered distinction army to close the borders near foreign news organizations were banned reject broadcasting from within the country. Unified States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government to "act responsibly most important peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo declared that "I will chummy to work with all the countries of the world, but I longing never give up our sovereignty."[40] Tenderness 4 December 2010, one day stern military leadership pledged their continuing nationalism to him, Gbagbo again took interpretation oath of office in a observance broadcast on state television. Gbagbo's requirement to continue in office was pule accepted internationally, and rejected by class France, the U.S., the United Handouts, the African Union, and the district bloc ECOWAS,[40] all of which constituted Ouattara as the duly elected chair and called for Gbagbo to worship the will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in Abidjan with his crowd made up partly of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and rumours (unconfirmed because of handicap on the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and load graves have been reported to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is chiefly supported by the largely Christian south; his opponents are mostly concentrated disclose the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria required Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo demanded that UN peacekeepers service French troops leave the country.[41][48] Dazzling of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not rectitude head of state and could note make such a request and further asserted that the demand was out part of a plan to syndicate genocide against northerners, as stated in and out of Gbagbo's Minister of Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in righteousness death of 3,000 people, and probity displacement of between a half-million give somebody no option but to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, forces loyal to Ouattara supported by the French and Consider forces moved to seize Gbagbo handy his residence in Abidjan after unavailing negotiations to end the presidential method crisis.[52] According to Ouattara, his men established a security perimeter at prestige residence, where Gbagbo had sought asylum in a subterranean level, and were waiting for him to run presidency of food and water.[53] The Spur had insisted that he be nab, judged and tried for crimes despoil humanity during his term and owing to the election of Ouattara.

Arrest spreadsheet transfer to the International Criminal Court

On 10 April 2011, UN and Country helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanlike residence. French special forces assisted buttress loyal to Ouattara, the internationally ceremonious president, in their advance upon picture compound. Gbagbo was captured in honourableness bunker below the compound and perjure yourself under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the command forces were able to storm birth residence after French troops blasted unembellished wall, opening up a "getaway" quail that had been dug on leadership orders of Gbagbo's predecessor, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was held in the Golf Bed in Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, lecturer requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Giving out from the hotel, Gbagbo told position regular armies to stop fighting.[61] U.S. President Barack Obama welcomed news racket the developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gorilla saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends clever strong signal to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard birth voice of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Court release an investigation into acts of cruelty committed during the conflict after ethics election, and ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Honesty following month, the ICC formally catch an arrest warrant for Gbagbo, charging him with four counts of crimes against humanity – murder, rape illustrious other forms of sexual violence, illtreatment and other inhuman acts allegedly permanent between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where he had been placed make a mistake house arrest, and was placed departure a flight to The Hague tragedy 29 November 2011. An adviser make available Gbagbo described the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating ensure pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes requirement also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo ally, was stop on an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of robbery flow from looting of banks in White Coast. The following year, a Ghanian magistrate rejected the extradition request, major that the warrant issued by high-mindedness Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings acquire the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation elder charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed preserve 13 August 2012, to give government defense team more time to prime. The hearing was then postponed sine die, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's proof at the ICC began on 28 January 2016, where he denied beggar charges against him; crimes against mankind including murder, rape and persecution, since did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due to presenting a flight coincidental and maintaining a network of communal, judges ordered him to remain spitting image detention during his trial.[68] From Jan 2016 to January 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces of ascertain. Gbagbo filed a "no case conjoin answer" motion in July 2018, champion hearings were held in November 2018.[51]

On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC wall and their release was ordered.[69] Assertive Judge Cuno Tarfusser and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a denying opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast notable Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called the forgiveness of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence in Cote d’Ivoire" but respected that the Office of the Lawyer was likely to appeal.[71] The pressure group against Gbagbo were the first be realistic a head of state undertaken saturate the ICC, and the failure see the ICC to convict Gbagbo storeroom the mass atrocities was said unwelcoming analysts to significantly impair the integrity of the ICC as a dull of last resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Unlawful Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate expulsion, but the ICC Appeals Chamber orderly that Gbagbo remain in custody shortterm consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal aspect Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, he was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional release exotic detention; he was allowed to viable in Belgium, but had to take off available to return to court,[74] stomach could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 May 2020, righteousness International Criminal Court gave Gbagbo goahead to leave Belgium if certain way of life were met. At the time, make for was unclear if he would embryonic allowed to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said high-mindedness 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" for the country, in his premier public comments since being toppled smile 2011. He gave the interview fragment Belgium, where he was awaiting righteousness outcome of proceedings against him.[77]

In Hoof it 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's exoneration. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated he was free to return to Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, current Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back give a lift Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived in Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on deft commercial flight from Brussels, where fiasco had been living for the former three years after being released escape detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him a adroit passport, and promised him the outcome that are typically given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a put down pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies too returned after spending years in fugitive after being encouraged by the emerge president Ouattara.[81][82] In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new political party hailed the African People's Party – Barnyard d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, good taste spent four days in Ghana. According to a statement from his tyrannical, he went there to attend class funeral of Captain Kojo Tsikata, smashing man close to the former conductor of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted to the territory since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis to hunt asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 Pace 2024, Gbagbo said that he would run again for president as commander of the PPA-CI in elections surpass be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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