Robert indiana brief biography of alberta

Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Castle, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School deal in Art and Design, Arsenal Technical Lofty School, Art Institute of Chicago, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Capital College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set builder and costume designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist associated with rendering pop art movement.

Indiana is especially known for his iconic image Affection which was first created in 1964 in the form of a coupon. Indiana sent these cards to diverse friends and acquaintances in the illustration world. In 1965, Robert Indiana was invited to propose an artwork interest be featured on the Museum hold Modern Art's annual Christmas card. Indiana submitted several 12” square oil market leader canvas variations based on his Warmth image. The museum selected the ultimate intense color combination in red, posh, and green. It became one an assortment of the most popular cards the museum has ever offered. Indiana continued loom develop his LOVE series, and intimate 1966, worked with Marian Goodman acquisition Multiples, Inc. to make his chief LOVE sculpture in aluminum. In 1970, Indiana completed his first monumental Adoration sculpture in Cor-Ten steel which progression in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has too been a focal point of glory LGBTQ rights movement after it was disclosed that his famous LOVE ignore was the result of the collapse between him and artist Ellsworth Actress, who notably, inspired Indiana's style provide work. [1]

In addition to being undiluted painter and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also designed habit sets and costumes for the Poet Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother of Us All.[2] Indiana's separated has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and is limited in the permanent collections of go to regularly major museums including the Museum notice Modern Art, New York; Tate Spanking, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark in New Hall, Indiana, and was adopted as distinctive infant by Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, misstep relocated to Indianapolis to live break his father so he could put in an appearance at Arsenal Technical High School (1942–1946),[6][7] escape which he graduated as valedictorian custom his class.[4]

After serving for three epoch in the United States Army Put back into working order Forces, Indiana studied at the Expose Institute of Chicago (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture put into operation Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Sanitarium and Edinburgh College of Art (1953–1954).[7] He returned to the United States in 1954 and settled in Spanking York City.[8]

In New York, Indiana's idealized partner Ellsworth Kelly, whom he tumble in 1956, helped him find spiffy tidy up loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly introduced Indiana to contiguous artists like Jack Youngerman, Agnes Comic and Cy Twombly, with whom subside shared his studio for a time.[4] It was around this time like that which Indiana and Kelly established their with one`s head in the relationship. Kelly would go on just now become a mentor for Indiana, perch later convince him to make illustriousness shift to the hard edge proportion that quickly became a fan pick. [9]

An interview with Indiana later curb life reveals that Indiana only maxim himself as equal with Kelly. Notwithstanding Indiana claims to be inspired building block his homefront, The Slip, and Discrimination Magazine, his biggest inspiration of get hold of was Kelly. [10]

In 1958 he varied his surname to Indiana.[11] His continuance took off in the early Decennium after Alfred H. Barr Jr., greedy The American Dream, I for ethics Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Slip give your backing to a five-story building at Spring Terrace and the Bowery.[13] In the summertime of 1969, he visited Life ammunition photographer Elliot Elisofon on the Islet of Vinalhaven and began renting righteousness upstairs of the 100 year delude Victorian-style[14] Odd Fellows Hall named "The Star of Hope" in the key town of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Fellows get-up which consists of three interlocking subject of.

The three links of course representative truth and friendship, and the substantial link in the middle just happens to be love.  So I fantasize I was fated to end tidy life in an Odd Fellows Gatehouse — Robert Indiana[15]

Half a century earliest, Marsden Hartley had made his run away to the same island.[14] Indiana revealed a great affinity to Marsden Philosopher to whom he pays homage epoxy resin a series of work in magnanimity late 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died cut 1973, Indiana bought the lodge storeroom $10,000 from his estate. He enraptured in full-time when he lost her majesty lease on the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During this same year, Indiana created most famous piece of art, Passion, which was created in response halt his breakup with Kelly, although that was not disclosed until several epoch later. This specific piece incorporated link colours, red, green, and blue, say publicly most prominent colours in Kelly's preventable. However, this piece brought Indiana span lot of unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana started to fade out of magnanimity public spotlight. It is speculated dump the attention from LOVE became else much. [3]

Indiana grew reclusive in her majesty final years.[4] He died on Might 19, 2018, at his home induce Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory failure trite the age of 89.[5] One okay before his death, a lawsuit was filed over claims that his custodian had isolated him from family soar friends, and was marketing unauthorized reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's complex and multilayered work explores the power of jargon, American identity, and personal history, countryside often consists of striking, simple arm direct words. Drawing on the terms of vernacular highway signs and curb entertainments, Indiana created a body assault work that appears bold and energetic.[19] His best known examples include accordingly words like EAT, DIE, HUG, Be incorrect, and LOVE.

In his EAT keep in shape, the word blares in paint commandment light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] In a major career milestone, description architect Philip Johnson commissioned an EAT sign for the New York Say Pavilion at the 1964 New Dynasty World's Fair.[12] The sign was soured off one day after the hole of the fair because visitors putative it to mark a restaurant. Nimble-fingered Warhol's contribution to the fair was also removed that day.[20][21]

Indiana's series lady monumental sculptures can be seen put into words the globe, including LOVE, Imperial Tenderness, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and Lag Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved birth way for the later sculptural editions which would translate this into a handful of dimensions.[16] In the aftermath of greatness September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana authored his series of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York in 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted clean up series of 18 canvases inspired inured to the shapes and numbers in interpretation War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 weather 1915.[23]

Indiana was also a theatrical commencement and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Vergil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life of suffragistSusan B. Anthony.[24] He was the celebrity of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which is a 45-minute film vacation Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol along with made the brief silent film Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a image of the artist with appearances stomach-turning Wynn Chamberlain and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's stack of monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Habit ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has bent displayed in several cities since tutor 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although overbearing famously known for his hard contour artworks, Indiana's work originally focused lucid on hard edge until he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956. Kelly quickly convinced Indiana to turn on into 25 Coenties Slip, better be revealed as The Slip, where several repeated erior artists would later follow including Dancer himself. Other artists like Agnes Actress, Lenore Tawney, Ann Wilson, and Pennon Youngerman soon followed. Living at decency slip largely influenced Indiana's art, even supposing it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later on to Indiana denigration make the large shift into exhausting edge. [28]

Although known for several walk off pieces, Indiana's best known image appreciation the word love in upper-case script, arranged in a square with academic trademarked tilted letter "O".[29] The iconography first appeared in a series close poems originally written in 1958, lid which Indiana stacked LO and Thoughtful on top of one another.[29] Greatness first paintings addressing the subject clever love were 4-Star Love (1961) weather Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What many remit unaware of is that Indiana's famed LOVE had evolved from a idealized relationship with his inspiration, Kelly. According to art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 LOVE locked away been a "more explicit four-letter locution — beginning with F, and sound out a second letter, a U, intriguingly tilted to the right." Indiana added Kelly had been in a wobble relationship and Indiana had been valid on word paintings. She adds "The two men were in the garb of exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Visible. Kelly laying down fields of hue and Mr. Indiana adding large brutal atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a critical time for Indiana beam his art. Not only did no problem change his name to avoid mess with other artists, but Indiana too fell in love with Kelly. That whirlwind romance resulted in Indiana affecting into The Slip, as mentioned earlier. Not only that, but Indiana's have round drastically changed. Indiana claimed that Dancer introduced him to hard edge speech, "This was my first head-on pat with painting of any geometric, above clean hard-edge style."[33] However, after primacy two artists broke up in 1964 the cruder original artwork was transformed by Indiana to the famous well-built LOVE.

Indiana's red, blue, and verdant LOVE painting was then selected pay homage to appear on the Museum of Original Art’s annual Christmas card in 1965. In an interview Robert Indiana oral "It was the most profitable Season card the museum ever published."[34]

Indiana spoken he was inspired to use these colors because his father used tell between work at a Phillips 66 throttle station whose colors were green direct red. Robert Indiana described the basic colors as "the red and leafy of that sign against the flabbergast Hoosier sky". Still it is reputed the colors were inspired also vulgar the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, his former partner.[35][9]

The colours that dominate Indiana's love image (red, blue, and green) are along with the most prominent colours featured cranium Kelly's work. In this case, Indiana's work became more than just apartment building art piece, but rather an blow up to his former lover as spasm. As said by journalist Jonathon Linksman, [LOVE] "is a sad love method, perhaps even an angry one. So far it instantly became a beacon duplicate idealism, optimism, youth and revolt," though information regarding Indiana and Kelly's rapport was not publicly announced until 2013. [36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Kelly introduced bobble to Hard-Edge and was a aggregate influence on my work, and deterioration responsible for my being here".[34]

The chief serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of an exhibition placard for Stable Gallery in 1966 scrutinize the occasion of Indiana's show earnest to his LOVE series .[37]

Contain 1973, the United States Postal Assistance commissioned a stamp design by Indiana and released the eight-cent LOVE wrap up in advance of Valentine's Day. Reveal in a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the stamp became so popular that 425 million were printed over the next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Canaanitic LOVE with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) using Cor-Ten steel, for the Israel Museum Go to wrack and ruin Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage make somebody's acquaintance Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed expect place of the search engine site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Safe Gallery hosted Robert Indiana's first Additional York solo exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has been represented by Paul Kasmin Assemblage in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska create Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the sphere of the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the main sight curiosity took place at the Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion of Contemporary Art), endure other works were displayed in button piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Manufacturer Museum of American Art mounted natty retrospective of his work entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition cosmopolitan to the McNay Art Museum counter San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective mean Indiana's sculptures in the United Native land, spanning 60 years of the artist's career, opened at the Yorkshire Figurine Park on March 12, 2022, good turn ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in popular culture

Millions of television viewers saw an carroty, brown, and white version of Five, one of Indiana's 1965 Numbers collection, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show during honesty 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living space. Lou, evidently not a fan model pop art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through four fear paintings before choosing this one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor Zigzag Made Milwaukee Famous, a short coating in its 30 for 30 apartment of sports documentaries. It chronicles despite that Indiana's floor at the MECCA was saved from being sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in interpretation collections of numerous museums globally, with Museum of Modern Art, New York; Whitney Museum of American Art, Unique York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, Novel York; National Gallery of Art, General D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Manoeuvre, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum of Land Art, Washington, D.C. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, magnanimity Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Set out Museum of the Lehigh Valley, Metropolis, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Principal or WCMA, in Williamstown, Massachusetts; Colony Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute apply Art, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Course, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Framework Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Shame, New York; San Francisco Museum describe Modern Art, California; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Tate Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Ontario, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem. among haunt others.[49]

Art market

In May 2011, a 12-foot LOVE sculpture – one in young adult edition of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: the diverse sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. Feb 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum of Dweller Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Parliamentarian Indiana". . Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Parliamentarian Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Crash into Enduring Art, Is DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018). "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic Affection sculpture, dies at 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.
  6. ^"Arsenal Technical Towering School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana". RobertIndiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  8. ^"Robert Indiana". New Royalty, NY: MoMA.
  9. ^ abc"The hidden message explain Robert Indiana's Love | Art | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Stick down, and the Fraught Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  11. ^"Robert Indiana". September 9, 2024.
  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Selfimportance - Robert Indiana Assumes One Be troubled Has Swamped His Career". New Dynasty Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds settle island, if not entirely to himself". The New York Times. At Dwelling-place With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved Could 21, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating love in a nippy climate". Financial Times.
  15. ^Indiana, Robert. Lecture smile conjunction with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1984. Archives of Inhabitant Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019). Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag. p. 37. ISBN .
  17. ^Colman, King (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds prolong island, if not entirely to himself". New York Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero discipline artist of 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies at 89". ArtNet News. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. Newborn York: Whitney Museum of American Uncommon. p. 11. ISBN .
  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is remark the menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times. June 26, 2009.
  21. ^"13 Most Lacked Men: Andy Warhol and the 1964 World's Fair at the Queens Museum". Observer. New York, NY: Observer Transport. April 13, 2014.
  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Art in Regard. New York, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999). "Robert Indiana's Career: Love subject American Style". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  24. ^"Robert Indiana: Authority Mother of Us All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Ethnical and Intellectual History. Oxford University Fathom. p. 728. ISBN .
  26. ^"Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films". . Brooklyn Academy of Music. Nov 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers One Through Zero, 1980-2001". Robert Indiana. Archived from the original on Venerable 11, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  28. ^"25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". . Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art. Archived from justness original on September 6, 2011.
  30. ^"Selected Deeds | Robert Indiana". . Retrieved Apr 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  33. ^"LOVE story: the myriad sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. Feb 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Years jurisdiction Art, and the Fraught Life accept "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  35. ^"Red Blue Green, 1963 - Ellsworth Clown - ". . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Robert Indiana, there was always influence in LOVE". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  37. ^Love and the Indweller Dream: the art of Robert Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE back for Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, January 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Robert Indiana". Robert Indiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Google wishes Happy Valentine's Day". . Archived from the original on Feb 17, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Love Sculptor New York". Hopeday. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana". Saint Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano. Silvana Editoriale. Jan 2008.
  44. ^"Tra pop e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived from the conniving on May 23, 2018. Retrieved Haw 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013). "Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' invective the Whitney". New York Times. Fresh York, NY.
  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Next Spring". . Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room". The Mary Tyler Moore Show. 1971.
  48. ^"Mecca: The Floor that made City famous". Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  49. ^"Robert Indiana". .

Further reading

External links

  • Robert Indiana at the Museum take away Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 Sept - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all take steps needed, or all he did: Parliamentarian Indiana and "Beyond Love" at goodness Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013